Abbasids
750/751-1258 AD
Abbasids (خلافت عباسی) (750/751 — 1258 AD) who came to power after the Umayyads in 750/751. year n. e., held power in their hands for several centuries, the last representative of the dynasty passed away at the end of the 13th century AD. e. The borders of the Abbasid (Baghdad) caliphate included Central and Central Asia, Egypt and northwest Africa, Iran, and certain regions of India. The history of Iran under the Abbasids was one of numerous wars, the main purpose of which was an attempt to stop the decentralization of the caliphate that had begun under their predecessors. Among the galaxy of rulers, the most famous is Abu Jafar Al-Mansur, who moved the capital of the country to Baghdad, recently rebuilt under his patronage, which for many centuries became the embodiment of an eastern city, and is still associated with Islamic culture by many. The second person, undoubtedly worthy of attention, was the caliph Harun al-Rashid (هارون الرشيد), who ruled in 786-809 AD. e. The reign of Harun is rightfully considered, if not the "golden age of Islam", then at least its beginning. The birthplace of the legendary ruler, known to many from the tales of the Thousand and One Nights, was the Iranian city of Rey. Although from a political point of view, the reign of Harun Al-Rashid cannot be called stable due to constant struggle for power and separatism, from a cultural and economic point of view, this is the period of the greatest power of Muslims from the moment of their appearance until the end of the 1st millennium CE. e. The influence of the caliph and his authority among the adherents of Islam is eloquently indicated by his nickname, translated from Arabic as “righteous” or “fair”. Speaking about the policy of the state as a whole, we should mention the continuation of the struggle against Byzantium. Domestically, having come to power on a wave of anti-Umayyad sentiments and the increased popularity of Shiism, the Abbasids at a certain stage had to fight the Shia rebels themselves. Internal processes were accompanied by an increase in Persian influence in the organs of self-government. As an example characterizing the level of development of culture under the Abbasids, let's name the "House of Wisdom" — a kind of academy in which Greek, Syriac and Middle Persian books were translated into Arabic. Thus, the Arab world became better acquainted with the best examples of ancient culture. The overthrow of the Abbasids led to the change of one dynasty after another, which was invariably accompanied by a reduction in the territory of the caliphate, from which the Egyptian possessions gradually fell away, followed by Spain and Sicily, and the sphere of influence on the eastern outskirts was also reduced. The rulers belonging to the Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids, Sajids, Salarids, Ravvadids, Gilitamites, Justanids, Ziyarids, Buyids distinguished themselves by a relatively short reign. The Buyids became the last rulers of the caliphate, whose power extended to Iran. In the latter, at this time, the development of crafts and arts, in particular architecture, is also observed. The Friday mosque in Isfahan was founded under the Buyids, namely, at the end of the 8th century AD. e.